​Some of these conditions are associated with changes in the genetic material from parents (chromosomes), or due to environmental effects during early pregnancy. In most cases, the cause is unknown.

​Examples of these conditions include

1. Esophageal atresia and Tracheo-esophageal fistula

There is no proper connection of the feeding tube (esophagus) to the stomach, and an abnormal connection exists between the trachea (wind pipe) and the esophagus.

2. Anorectal malformation

The opening of the rectum is absent (imperforate anus) or the anus opening is at an abnormal position. This malformation is sometimes associated with malformations of the heart, limbs, and spine.

3. Urinary tract obstruction

The presence of a posterior urethral valve in male infants obstruct urine flow out of the bladder and may predispose to urinary tract infection and kidney damage if not treated.

4. Branchial cyst

There is a swelling on the side of the neck filled with fluid, which large enough may cause difficulty in breathing.

​Treatment options depend on the specific condition.  In preparation for surgery, affected babies will need to be kept fasted and an intravenous drip started to maintain hydration. Postoperative care will be required in the Neonatal ICU.